“In the name of Allah Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Verily We have granted you a
manifest Victory.”
We are here in this spiritual gathering today to commemorate two great
occasions; the passing away of the most noble creature of God, the Holy Prophet
of Islam (saww), and the martyrdom of the second infallible Imam, the first
grandson of the Prophet; Imam Hasan (a.s.).
The topic I am going to deal with today is “Peace and War in Islam” a very
controversial issue nowadays. The reason I have chosen this topic is that unfortunately there is a misunderstanding among some Shiites who don’t have
enough Islamic education. They assume that Imam Hasan was a man of peace whereas
Imam Husain was a man of war. As a result, conservatives praise Imam Hasan and
claim to be his followers, while the extremists blame Imam Hasan and accuse him
of seeking a comfortable life. Imam Husain, on the other hand, is an extremist
for the first group and a role model for the second. According to the second
group, armed struggle is the only duty upon every Muslim, he is Yazidian
otherwise.
This argument in fact goes back to the question of whether Islam is the religion
of peace or does it advocate for war? In other words, was Islam in its early
days spread by sword or were there other factors involved? Is Islam the religion
of violence or it is the religion of peaceful coexistence? Are Muslims allowed
to sign any peace treaty with a non Islamic state that they are in conflict
with, or they are bound to fight, whatever the circumstances are?
These and many such questions have occupied the minds and the time of many
contemporary intellectuals.
It may not be an exaggerated claim that many people in the West hold that Islam
is a terrorist religion and hence the term Islam sounds obnoxious to them. Such
a false belief, to the best of my knowledge, is one of the main barriers between
Westerners and real Islam. Should they become familiar with the true image of
Islam regarding war and peace, I can assert many of them who are already
perplexed and seeking asylum would embrace Islam. Such an illusion has not of
course come to their mind out of the blue. Millions of dollars have, and are
still being allocated by the enemies of Islam, especially in the last decades to
inject this illusion into the minds of people, to introduce Islam, as a
frightful evil which no one would be daring enough to get close to.
To cut a long story short, we believe Islam in its nature is a peaceful religion
advocating a wise coexistence. The following are some of the proofs that wars
have never been the cause for the spread of Islam:
1. Indonesia is the most populated Islamic state with more than 100 million
Muslims. Yet, there has never been any Islamic military attack to that country.
2. Millions of Muslims in China are worshipping Allah and yet, Islam has never
entered China by military force.
3. Many African countries as well as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, have all
embraced Islam without being forced by any Islamic groups.
4. In the contemporary world, many people in the West, from black Americans,
including their inmates, as well as Europeans including their migrants, to
Australians, New Zealanders to Aborigines are coming towards and embracing Islam
without any military force.
5. The Mongol leader Genghis Khan was one of the great conquerors in the history
of the world, born C.1167. In his series of destructive, savagely and bloody
invasions of much of the Asian mainland, he invaded Iran which was an Islamic
state by then. Yet, after one or two generations instead of Iranian Muslims
being converted to the Mongolian religion, they themselves embraced Islam.
6. Many Ayat as well as Ahadith in different ways and means condemn all types of
corruption on earth. Needless to say, human wars and the shedding of blood are
one of the best examples of corruption.
Q. With all respect to the previous proofs, still we do have some examples of
Islam being spread by the sword. Iran is one of the vivid examples which was
conquered by Muslim Arabs in early Islam. As a result, Iranians had to become
Muslims and give up their previous religion, i.e. Zoroastrianism.
A. Hundreds of wars have taken place in the history of mankind, yet the
conquerors have never been able to force their religion upon the conquered
peoples, as the Mongolians failed to do so. Hence, Iranians did not embrace
Islam because of the sword of Muslims. As a matter of fact, it is impossible to
penetrate into the hearts of people by sword. The power of the sword is not more
than for cutting the flesh. The sword is not capable of influencing the
conscience and the belief of human beings. In short, the main reason for people
like Iranians accepting Islam rests on other issues. Iranians were impressed by
the justice found in Islam, after being sick of the vicious discrimination from
the Sasanian dynasty.
Types of War
Although Islam is the religion of peace, and unlike some of the Western
thinkers, such as Freud and Nitche, who did not acknowledge war as a natural
phenomenon in human life, Islam prescribes war under a few circumstances.
In general, there are two types of war.
1. War in the sense of blood shedding, murdering, massacres and plundering for
the sake of power, as a struggle for survival.
2. War in the sense of protecting the life of the innocent by destroying the
evil people who try to destroy human life and wisdom. Such a war is like a
surgical operation for the sake of saving the rest of the body by amputating the
decayed organ or limb. The sword of Islam is nothing more than a surgical knife
in the hands of a wise surgeon. It is like a small shovel to uproot the weeds
from the gardens of humanity.
To this end, war in Islam is not only a form of worship, but holy worshipping.
The Islamic Jihad (holy war) has never been mentioned in the Quran without
having the preliminary statement ‘for the sake of God’. That, then, is what
makes Islamic wars different from other types of human war which are fought for
the sake of power, sovereignty and profit.
Peace in Islam
Since the man of Islam has surrendered to Allah, he is a warrior when war is
required, based on the above explanation, and he is the most peaceful person
when it is time for peace.
The Holy Quran in Sura 8 Aya 61 states: “And if the enemy incline towards peace,
you should also incline towards peace, and trust in Allah..”
The history of Islam has presented many examples in which the Holy Prophet (saww),
as well as his infallible successors have welcomed peace when it would be of
benefit to the Ummah. Islamic victory does not necessarily mean fighting and
conquering. If the victory can be gained in a peaceful way, then war is not
prescribed in Islam. Therefore, to be a warrior or a peaceful man in Islam
depends upon the circumstances in which a man of Islam finds himself.
Two vivid examples of peace in Islam
1. The Peace of Hodaybiah
Hodaybiah is a small village near to Mecca in which the treaty between the
Prophet and the infidels of Qoraysh was concluded in the year 6 AH.
In short, in the year 6AH the Prophet along with his companions who it is
estimated were around 1600 people, left Madina to pilgrimage to Hajj. As part of
their good will, and to show that their only reason for the journey was the
performance of Hajj, they did not carry any weapons. However, the Qoraysh, who
were informed of the Muslims journey, took an oath that they would not allow
Muslims to enter Mecca. The Holy Prophet sent an ambassador to them with some
gifts, explaining to them that the Muslims did not wish to confront the Qoraysh.
In return, the Qoraysh killed the camel of the ambassador, and death, too, was
close for the ambassador himself.
For the second time the Prophet appointed another ambassador to deliver the
message. Omar Ibn Khattab was the appointed one, though he refused, his excuse
being that many of the Qoraysh hated him and his life may be danger.
Finally, a treaty was made between the Qoraysh and the Prophet, named the Treaty
of Hodybiah. The scribe of the treaty was Imam Ali (a.s.). He initiated the
treaty with the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. The agent of the
Qoraysh objected to that, saying: if we believed in Allah we would not fight
you. The name was omitted. Again, when the name of the Prophet was mentioned in
the treaty as the messenger of Allah, the agent of Qoraysh objected saying : ‘If
we believed you were the messenger of Allah we wouldn’t fight you’.
In short, although most parts of that treaty seemed against Muslims, the Prophet
did not reject it, for that situation required peace which could later bring
greater victory that sometimes may not be gained by the sword. Ignoring this
fact, Ibn Hisham, the famous historian has narrated that upon acceptance of the
peace treaty, Omar Ibn Khattab objected to it, going to the Prophet and
surprisingly, questioning him as to whether he was the messenger of God!
-Yes, I am, replied the Prophet.
- Aren’t we Muslims ?
-Yes, said the Prophet.
-Aren’t they infidels ?
- Yes, added the prophet.
- Then why should we humiliate ourselves?
The Holy Prophet said: “I am the servant of God and His messenger and will never
disobey Him, as He will never leave me alone.30”
Although the treaty seemed bitter to the taste of some of the Muslims who were
not able to foresee the future, nor did they surrender to God, it paved the way
for many great victories, to the extent that the Holy Quran has mentioned that
treaty as a vivid victory: “Indeed, We have granted you a manifest victory”. In
fact, the treaty of Hodaybiah paved the way to conquer Mecca as well as Khaybar
in two years time. Muslims strengthened themselves and within two years easily
interred Mecca; the capital of the infidels of Qoraysh. To this end, Imam Sadiq
(a.s.) says: There was no event in the history of Islam, as blissful as the
treaty of Hodaybiah.
2. The Peace treaty of Imam Hasan (a.s.)
The peace treaty between Imam Hasan and Mo’awia is one of the bitter events in
the history of Islam. This treaty has even been used by some of the adversaries
to blame and accuse Imam Hasan of being a man who was, God forbid, seeking his
material comfort to the extent that some of them have shamelessly accused him of
blasphemy. In fact, the state of Imam Hasan’s oppression is more than that of
his brother Imam Husain. For, Imam Hasan was oppressed by both his companions
and those historians partial to Ahlul-Bait .
Safadi shamelessly says: “(Imam) Hasan Ibn Ali said to Mo’awia that he had a
debt. If Mo’awia would pay his loan off, then he was willing to give up the
Caliphate to him. Mo’awia paid off his loan and Hasan Ibn Ali gave up the
Caliphate to Mo’awia.”( Safadi : Sharh Laamia 2:27)
Dr. Philip Hitti following Safadi with utmost impudence says: “People of Iraq
appointed Hasan Ibn Ali, who was the oldest son of Ali and Fatima the daughter
of the Prophet to be their spiritual leader. However, Hasan, who was a pleasure
seeking person!, not a statesman, was not suitable for the position and hence
resigned being satisfied with an annual ration he received from Mo’awia”.(Philip
Hitti, Al-Arab. p. 78)
The followers of Mo’awia have never provided any historical documents for their
false claims.
The Causes of Peace
Before shedding some light on the reasons why Imam Hasan was forced to agree to
the Peace Treaty, we should ask ourselves:
Did not the Prophet of Islam sign a peace treaty with the infidels? Of course he
did. So, can we say the Prophet (saww) was, God forbid, a man seeking pleasure
and not a statesman? Was not Imam Ali, the courageous man of Islam, forced to
accept the peace treaty which was imposed on him in the battle of Seffin?
Moreover, no doubt, peace is accepted in Islam when the circumstances allow, as
I have already explained.
Above all, it is a big mistake to assume that making peace with the enemy is
equal to seeking pleasure but that constant fighting is courage and bravery. In
contrast, the man of Islam is seeking God’s satisfaction. His reason for
fighting is the same as his reason for making peace. To him, both peace and war
are to be used in their due place. Therefore, different circumstances require
different treatment and strategy. Do not forget that Imam Husain who is known to
us for his courageous devotion in Karbala, continued the peace strategy of his
brother with Mo’awia for ten years. In short, there is no single difference
between our Imams. Had either of them been in the other’s situation, he would
have done the same. It is the circumstances which make the difference.
By the way, among many reasons which forced Imam Hasan to accept the Peace
Treaty, the following were the main ones:
1. The rumor of peace:
Cold War is one of the methods used in wars. Spreading rumors against the enemy
and weakening the morale of the opposing soldiers has always been one of the
methods of defeating the enemy.
Mo’awia, utilising this method, appointed some of his spies to spread rumours
among the army of Imam Hasan to the effect that the Imam had corresponded with
Mo’awia accepting peace.( Ibn Abil-Hadid 4:13-15) The army of Imam Hasan was
impressed so much by the rumors that some of them accused Imam Hasan of
blasphemy saying: “The man has become an infidel!”
2. Division, Impatience and tending to material pleasures:
Imam Hasan, prior to accepting the peace, delivered a lecture to the public
explaining to them the reasons behind their being defeated by Mo’awia.
One part of the lecture reads:
“We were fighting people of Damascus by the power of coexistence, unity and
patience, until you were divided and lost your patience. Before, you used to
prefer your belief to your material comfort, and now your material comfort is
what you care for. Mo’awia has invited us to a peace treaty in which you will
lose your dignity. Nevertheless, if you are willing to sacrifice, then we will
fight him.” The crowd shouted: “Accept the peace. Accept the peace.”( Ibn Athir,
Al-Kaamil 3:406)
In fact, Mo’awia had purchased the high officers of Imam Hasan. Obaidullah Ibn
Abbas was the first commander of Imam Hasan and yet, Mo’awia was able to buy him
with one million Dirhams, half to be paid cash and the rest on credit. The
companions of Imam Hasan were so unfaithful that they even made attempts upon
his life. If the tents of Imam Husain were plundered by his enemies
face-to-face, the tent of Imam Hasan was plundered by his own so-called
soldiers. They pulled away the mat on which he was praying. If Imam Husain was
wounded by the arrows of the army of Yazid, Imam Hasan was wounded by his own
officer Jarrah Ibn Senan. It was under such circumstances that Imam Hasan
accepted the peace. He then carried on another mission, i.e.: to train faithful
soldiers, if not for his time, they were trained for the time of his brother,
Imam Husain who was going to carry the same message. As a matter of fact, the
peace treaty that Imam Hasan agreed upon, paved the way for the revolution made
by Imam Husain.
To this end, the Holy Prophet (saww) is quoted to have said: “Hasan and Husain
are both Imams, whether they rise up or sit down.”
Slow Death
After accepting the peace, Imam Hasan left Kofa forever for Madina. After which,
he opened another chapter in his life.
At this stage, he was gradually being sacrificed. Unlike a soldier in the battle
front who has a quick death, the dear Imam suffered a slow death throughout 10
years.
During the last 10 years of his life he carried yet another mission. The Ummah
was not prepared to fight the devil. They needed to be educated and that was the
mission of the Imam. Despite the rumors that Mo’awia was spreading against the
Imam, his personality was an influence on people.
Such great men as our infallible Imams reach a point where both their lives and
deaths are a real threat to the oppressors. They attempt to destroy their
personalities by spreading rumors against them. But their transcendental
personalities are too high to be reached by those devils.
Mo’awia was encountering this puzzle which had made him confused, until a
vicious plot was arranged. He bribed Jo’dah, the wife of the Imam who was
suffering from the inferiority of infertility, to poison her husband.
Half a century had passed since the migration of the Prophet, and the Imam was
at the age of 47.
On a day whilst fasting, Jo’dah poisoned the cup of milk with which Imam Hasan
was supposed to break his fasting. Immediately after drinking the milk, the
poison corrupted his digestive system and the Imam faced death. He called upon
his brother Imam Husain. These were the last seconds of the life of Imam Hasan…
two brothers cordially hugging each other. This was one time that Imam Husain
hugged one of his brothers. The second time was at Karbala when Abbas called
upon Husain while both his arms were brutally chopped off…
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